Elementymology & Elements Multidict by Peter van der Krogt
Plumbum
Lead
Pop-ups with explanatory texts appear by moving your mouse over tables, illustrations, links etc.
Pb
82
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Elementymology & Elements Multidict by Peter van der Krogt
Plumbum
Lead
Pop-ups with explanatory texts appear by moving your mouse over tables, illustrations, links etc.
|
Pb
82
|
|
Multilingual dictionary
Indo-EuropeanLanguage key — Germanic Lead en fy Blei de Bläi lb Lood nl af Bly da sv no Blý is Blýggj fo — Italic Plomb fr oc Plomo es Plom ca Chumbo pt gl Piombo it Plomp fur Plumb ro Plumbu arm — Slavic Свинец [svinec] ru Свинець [svynec'] uk Цвiнец [cvinec] by Ołów pl Òłów kas Olovo cs sk hr bos Svinec sl Олово [olovo] sr mk bg — Baltic Švinas lt Svins lv Svinas sud — Celtic Plwm cy Luaidhe ga Luaidh gd Leoaie gv Plom cor br — Other Indo-European Μολυβδος [molyvdos] el Plumb sq Կապար [kapar] hy — Indo-Iranian Зды [zdy] oss Uralic Lyijy fi Plii et Ólom hu Киви [kivi] mok Altaic Kurşun tr Къогъасын [k"org"asyn] kk Кўогъшсин [kûrgošin] uz Surb tg Хар тугалга [har tugalga] mn Other (Europe) Beruna eu ტყვია [tqvia] ka East- & South-Asia 鉛 [namari] ja 鉛 [qian1 / yuen4] zh (mand./cant.) 납 [nab] ko Chì vi ตะกั่ว [takua] th Plumbum ms ஈயம் [īyam] ta Afro-Asiatic رصاص [raSāS] ar Ċomb mt עופרת [oferet] he Africa Plumbi, Risasi sw Artificial Plumbo eo New names Leadplom (LDP) aen Costa dms |
Appearance, some properties, a memory peg and a summary of discovery and etymology
History & Etymology
Perhaps the first written mention as "abaru" is on Babylonian tablets found in the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (668-626 BC). One of them includes a hymn to Gibil, the god of fire: "You melt Copper and Lead, you clean Gold and Silver". During the excavations of the city of Ashur a Lead chunk of 400 kilograms was discovered, which dates from 1300 BC. In the Ebers Papyrus, an Egyptian compendium of medicin, dated at around 1550 BC, Lead is mentioned. It is also mentioned several times in the Old Testament, such as: "Thou didst blow with thy wind, the sea covered them: they sank as lead in the mighty waters." (Exodus 15, 10). "Only the gold, and the silver, the brass, the iron, the tin, and the lead, Every thing that may abide the fire, ye shall make it go through the fire, and it shall be clean " (Numbers 31, 22-23). The manner in which prehistoric people extracted lead from its minerals is not well-known. However, there are vestiges of very rudimentary furnaces, done of stone, where these people heated up the lead minerals with bonfires (that burned wood and coal) to extract the element. In the fifth century BC the Romans made an extensive exploration of lead deposits in the whole Iberian Peninsula. In the period 700 AD to 1000 AD the German mines of lead and silver, in the Rhine valley and in the Hartz mountains, were very important, just as those of Saxony, Silesia and Bohemia in the 13th century.
In astrology alchemy the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity:
The long history of Lead is reflected in the many different words for this metal. See the list of names to the left and in the overview of Lead in over 100 languages (click here).
It is also tried to interpret the Latin plumbum with help of Indogermanic languages in the suffix -bho-, often used for the names of animals and colours; thus to trace plumbum back to pl-on-bho and to include it in the family of the Greek πελιος [pelios] = bluish-black. Others see both these names derived from the Sanskrit bahu-mala = very dirty. Plumbum was the generic name for soft white metals with low melting points, as lead and tin, and later also bismuth and their alloys. Later plumbum was differentiated with the addition of black and white: Plumbum album (white plumbum; or Plumbum candidum) for Tin and Plumbum nigrum (black plumbum) for Lead.
Others see in the Old High German word blio a derivation from the Greek μολυβδος [molybdos] and/or the Latin plumbum.
It is borrowed from the Irish luaide of unknown origin, although some see it derived from Celtic loud or Sanskrite loka = reddish, because of the red colour of lead oxyde (red lead). Another option is that it is derived from *louadia from plumbum (the p- lost in Celtic) (or the donor language for the Latin word). (O.
The origin of the word свинец [svinec] is not clear; probably there is a relation with the Greek κυανος [kyanos] = a darkblue material (Homer, κυανεος [kyaneos] = steel blue). Мир Химии thinks about a derivation from свинка (svinka), little pig. The reason is that the ingots of lead were called pigs. Figurovskij supposes a relation with wine (вино), since the ancient Romans (and in the Caucasus) wine was stored in Lead vessels, which gave unique taste to it.
The old indication for Tin is Plumbum album (white lead), Lead was Plumbum nigrum (black lead). Мир Химии writes that lead was called in Russia Lead originally олово (olovo). When Tin first appeared, people erroneously assumed it identical with Lead, and named it of course олово (olovo). When they finally learned to distinguish both metals, the old name олово was used for the new metal, and its predecessor was called свинец (svinec).
Historical names of Lead isotopes
A peculiar website from Lavian-American Andis Kaulins, Indo-European Afro-Asiatic Words for Metals - Copper Lead Tin Iron Bronze Gold Amber. I am not sure what to think of the value of his unorthodox information, but give it for what it is worth. Kaulins presents the following list for Lead:
Akkadian ABARU (also magnesite?)
And similar lists for Iron, Copper, and Tin. In examining all of these ancient terms for these metals,
Kaulins sees that all names have two basic roots as their origin:
Chemistianity 1873
UTYAN
LEAD, the indispensable to Plumbers, Named Plumbum, is a bluish gray metal, With strong metallic lustre when newly cut, But which tarnishes on exposure to moist Air. Lead is very soft, may be drawn to wire Or roll'd to sheet, has little tenacity, Melts at low heat, and in part vapours at red heat. Further reading
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© Peter van der Krogt
The alchemists believed Lead to be the oldest metal and associated it with the planet Saturn. Because of its heavy weight it played a special role in the alchemic operations, they assigned to it the ability easily to be converted into Gold. They had many names for it, some secret, among others Plumbago (lead ore).
